Types of Chassis frame

TYPES OF CHASSIS FRAMES:-
There are three types of frames:

1. Conventional frame
2. Integral frame
3. Semi-integral frame


1. Conventional frame: It has two long side members and 5 to 6 cross members joined together with the help of rivets and bolts. The frame sections are used generally.

a. Channel Section - Good resistance to bending
b. Tabular Section - Good resistance to Torsion
c. Box Section - Good resistance to both bending and Torsion


2. Integral Frame: This frame is used now a days in most of the cars. There is no frame and all the assembly units are attached to the body. All the functions of the frame carried out by the body itself. Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper and due to less weight most economical also. Only disadvantage is repairing is difficult.


3. Semi - Integral Frame: In some vehicles half frame is fixed in the front end on which engine gear box and front suspension is mounted. It has the advantage when the vehicle is met with accident the front frame can be taken easily to replace the damaged chassis frame. This type of frame is used in FIAT cars and some of the European and American cars.


VARIOUS LOADS ACTING ON THE FRAME:-
Various loads acting on the frame are:

1. Short duration Load - While crossing a broken patch.

2. Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve.
3. Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the vehicle.
4. Inertia Load - While applying brakes.
5. Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts.
6. Over Loads - Beyond Design capacity.


STATE THE DIFFERENT BODIES USED IN AUTOMOBILES:-
The Automobile bodies are divided in two groups:

A:  Passenger body
B:  Commercial body



According to Chassis design the body can divided into:
1. Conventional Type
2. Integral Type
3. Semi- Integral Type

According to other usage:
1. Light vehicle Bodies - cars, jeeps
2. Heavy vehicle Bodies - busses, lorries
3. Medium vehicle Bodies - vans, metadoors


REQUIREMENTS OF BODIES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF VEHICLE:-
The body of the most vehicle should fulfill the following requirements:

1. The body should be light.
2. It should have minimum number of components.
3. It should provide sufficient space for passengers and luggage.
4. It should withstand vibrations while in motion.
5. It should offer minimum resistance to air.
6. It should be cheap and easy in manufacturing.
7. It should be attractive in shape and colour.
8. It should have uniformly distributed load.
9. It should have long fatigue life.
10.It should provide good vision and ventilation.

Basic structure of Vehicle

Chassis frame & its functions:

Introduction of Chassis Frame: Chassis is a French term and was initially used to denote the frame parts or Basic Structure of the vehicle. It is the back bone of the vehicle. A vehicle with out body is called Chassis. The components of the vehicle like Power plant, Transmission System, Axles, Wheels and Tyres, Suspension, Controlling Systems like Braking, Steering etc., and also electrical system parts are mounted on the Chassis frame. It is the main mounting for all the components including the body. So it is also called as Carrying Unit.

The following main components of the Chassis are:

1. Frame: it is made up of long two members called side members riveted together with the help of number of cross members.

2. Engine or Power plant: It provides the source of power.

3. Clutch: It connects and disconnects the power from the engine fly wheel to the transmission system.

4. Gear Box

5. U Joint

6. Propeller Shaft

7. Differential

FUNCTIONS OF THE CHASSIS FRAME:-

1. To carry load of the passengers or goods carried in the body.

2. To support the load of the body, engine, gear box etc.

3. To withstand the forces caused due to the sudden braking or acceleration.

4. To withstand the stresses caused due to the bad road condition.

5. To withstand centrifugal force while cornering.

Central Processing Unit

Components of the CPU:-

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): processes the data in the registers according to instructions issued by the control unit. Performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction, etc..) and logical (comparison) operations.

Registers: provides temporary storage for data and instructions. It handles instructions and data at 10 times the speed of cache memory. Registers facilitate the movement of data and instructions between RAM, the control unit and the ALU.


Internal CPU interconnection: some mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers.

Control Unit: controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer. Interprets instructions, moves data to/from memory and registers, instructs ALU to perform certain operations, increments instruction pointer, etc. During program execution, instructions in a program are moved from the RAM into the control unit, where it is decoded and interpreted by the decoder.

Flags: 1-bit memory, or 1-bit registers and hold information on what has recently happened in the CPU.

Cache Memory:-
Small fast memory that improves CPU’s efficiency. Increases computer throughput, and is a high-speed holding area for program instructions and data. It holds only instructions and data that are likely to be needed by the CPU. While programs are running on the computer, the same data or instructions might be needed frequently. In such cases, the processor first checks the cache memory for the data or instructions, thereby reducing the need for frequent access to the RAM and speeding up the processing.


System Unit:-
The system unit is the case that holds the power supply, storage devices, and the circuit boards, including the main circuit board (also called the “mother board”), which contains the microprocessor.


System Unit:-
Power Supply
Storage Devices
Circuit Boards

Computer Components:-

System Buses:-

A BUS is an internal communications path consisting of a number of lines connecting the system components.

Control bus– The control bus synchronizes system events like memory access, system interrupts, I/O, etc.

Address bus– Source and destination addresses are sent over the address bus to identify a particular location in memory or input/output port.

Data bus– Two way path for transferring data and instructions in and out of the microprocessor.

Voltage, Current and Resistance

Voltage:-

Force of attraction exists between a positive and negative charge.

Certain amount of energy must be exerted, in the form of work, to overcome the force and moves the charges a given distance apart. 

All opposite charges possess a certain potential energy because of the separation between them.

The difference in the potential energy per charge is the potential difference or voltage.  

Definition of voltage:-

V = W / Q

One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between two points when one joule of energy is used to move one coulomb of charge from one point to the other.

Current:-

Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that flows past a point in a unit of time (t).

I = Q / t

One ampere is a number of electrons having a total charge of 1 C move through a given cross section in 1 s. 

What is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s?      0.4 A

Resistance:-

Resistance is the opposition to current.

One ohm (1 W) is the resistance if one ampere (1 A) is in a material when one volt (1 V) is applied. 

Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance. 

G = 1 / R

Components designed to have a specific amount of resistance are called resistors. 

Electrical Charge

Electrical Charge:-

Electrical charge is an electrical property of matter that exist because of an excess or deficiency of electrons.

The charge of an electron and that of a proton are equal in magnitude.

Charge is symbolized by letter ‘Q’.

Static Electricity: the presence of a net positive or negative charge in a material.

Electrical charge Q is measured in coulomb, symbolized by ‘C’. One coulomb is the total charge possessed by 6.25 X 10¹⁸ electrons.

A single electron has a charge of 1.6 X 10^-19 C.

Q  =  number of electrons    /    6.25 X 10¹⁸ electrons/C

There is a force (F) between charges. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract:-

The force is directly proportional to product of two charges and inversely proportional to square of distance. This force, called an electric field.

Computer Architecture

Component Description:-

Central Processing Unit (CPU) or microprocessor, controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions.

Main memory also called internal memory stores instructions and data. Memory is partitioned into separate instruction and data spaces.

Input/output (I/O) moves data between the computer and its external environment.

System interconnection some mechanism that provides for communications among the CPU, the main memory, and the I/O devices.

Computer Functions:-

INPUT:

•Words, symbols, numbers, sound, pictures, program instructions

PROCESS:

•Program calculates, sorts modifies data

•Uses microprocessor or CPU

OUTPUT:

•Results of processing

•Reports, graphs, documents, pictures

•Printer or monitor

STORE:

•Memory is temporary holding area (RAM)

•Storage is permanent (disk)

Introduction to Computer

Introduction to Computer:-

   In basic terms, a computer is an electronic device that processes data, converting it into information that is useful to people. Any computer – regardless of its type – is controlled by programmed instructions, which give the machine a purpose and tell it what to do.

Parts of the Computer System:-

Computer systems have four parts:

• Hardware

• Software

• Data

• User

Hardware:-

Mechanical devices in the computer

Anything that can be touched

Software:-

Set of instructions

Tell the computer what to do

Also called a program

Thousands of programs exist

Data:-

Data Processing - The Primary Job

Pieces of information

Computer organizes and presents data

Users:-

People operating the computer

Most important part

Information processing cycle...

·        Input

·        Processing

·        Output

·        Storage

Electrical Components

Basic electrical components:-

Resistors:

Resistors resist, or limit, electric current in a circuit. The application of resistors are to limit the current, divide voltage, and, in certain cases, to generate heat.

Capacitors:

Capacitors store electrical charges; they are found in most types of electronic circuits.

Capacitor consists of an insulator (dielectric) between two conductors.

The property of capacitor is its ability to block a steady dc voltage while passing ac signals.

Inductors:

Inductors, also known as coils, are used to store energy in an electromagnetic field

When a length of wire is formed into a coil, it becomes a basic inductor. Current through coil produces an electromagnetic field.

Transformers:

Transformers are used to magnetically couple ac voltages from one point in a circuit to another, or to increase or decrease the ac voltage.

A basic transformer is an electrical device constructed of two coils placed in close proximity to each other so that there is a mutual inductance.

Electrical Instruments:-

Power supply: for providing the voltage and current.

Voltmeter: for measuring voltage.

Ammeter: for measuring current.

Ohmmeter: for measuring resistance.

Wattmeter: for measuring power.

(Voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter are available in a single instruments called multimeter)

Oscilloscope: for observing and measuring ac voltages.